Scholar: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2021)

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Psychological stress in Thai mothers of children with cognitive disabilities: the predictors and consequences of coping strategies and perceived controllability
(2021) Gorjian, Maliheh; Mohanan, Santhosh Ayathupady
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of personal and environmental factors on maternal stress, being mediating by perceived controllability to cope with emotion and problems of life situations, on Thai mothers of children with cognitive disabilities. Total sample of participants was 800 Thai mothers, in Thailand. Data for the research were collected using a questionnaire that consisted of the following standardized scales, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (for problem & emotion) focused coping (CISS), Locus of Control Scale (LOC), Self- Compassion (SC), Self – Efficacy (SE), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Child Behavioral Scale (CBS), and Controllability Scale (CAS). In order to meet the objective of this study, an indirect model was designed and conducted via structural equation modeling (SEM), employed to measure the three nested (direct, indirect and full path) models. Evaluation and comparison of the fit of these three nested models posited to the full path models were more parsimonious and better fitting than the others path models. The results revealed that children’s behavioral problems directly, self- compassion, self- efficacy direct and indirectly, social support, indirectly affected to maternal stress by mediating perceived controllability and coping strategies.
A study of the relationship between teachers’ perception towards administrative support and their decision-making styles in a public middle school, Guizhou Province, China
(2021) Yue, Anna; Watana Vinitwatanakhun
This study investigated the relationship between teachers’ perception towards administrative support and their decision-making styles in a public middle school, Guizhou Province, China. This study aimed (1) to identify the level of teachers’ perception towards administrative support; (2) to identify level of teachers’ perception of decision-making styles; (3) To determine the relationship between teachers’ perception towards administrative support and their decision-making styles in a public middle school in Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. The study had 81 respondents, all full-time teachers in the selected middle school and 100% of them responded to the survey. This research used Means and Standard Deviation to analyze the teachers’ perceptions toward the level of administrative support and their decision-making styles. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was used to test the relationship between the two variables. This study found that the teachers had a relatively positive attitude towards administrative support, the perception level in which teachers use decision-making styles was high, and there was a positive relationship between teachers’ perception toward administrative support and their decision-making styles.
A study of the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards principal’s transformational leadership style and organizational justice at a Junior High School, Chongqing, China
(2021) Xinlu, Pi; Watana Vinitwatanakhun
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the teachers’ perceptions towards principal’s transformational leadership style and organizational justice at a Junior High School, Chongqing, China. The research objectives were (1) to identify the level of teachers’ perceptions towards principal’s transformational leadership style, (2) to identify the level of teachers’ perceptions towards organizational justice and, (3) to determine the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards principal’s transformational leadership style and organizational justice at A Junior High School, Chongqing, China. The total has 91 full-time teachers teaching in different grades from 7th grade, 8th grade and 9th grade during the academic year 2020 (March-August) got involved in this study. This study used Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass & Avolio (1995) and used Organizational Justice Scale adopt by Colquitt (2001) to determine the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards principal’s transformational leadership style organizational justice at A Junior High School, Chongqing, China. Results of the Pearson correlation indicated that there was a positive significant positive association between teachers’ perceptions towards principal’ s transformational leadership style and organizational justice at a Junior High School, Chongqing, China, r (91) = .697, p = .000.
A study of the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards leadership capacity and their classroom management styles at Kunming Real-E Foreign Language Middle School, Yunnan, China
(2021) Xu, Jingwen; Watana Vinitwatanakhun
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards leadership capacity and their classroom management styles at Kunming Real-E Foreign Language Middle School, Yunnan, China. A total 73 full-time teachers from the selected school replied the questionnaires adopted by the researcher. The data collection tool for this study was a questionnaire divided into three parts, the researcher used High Leadership Capacity questionnaire by Lambert’s (2003) to assess teachers’ perceptions towards leadership capacity and used Classroom Management Profile (1996) to examine teachers’ classroom management style. Mean and Standard Deviations were used to analyze the teachers’ perceptions towards leadership capacity and their classroom management styles. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was used to test the relationship between the two variables. Results of the Pearson correlation shows there was a weak positive association between teachers’ leadership capacity and classroom management styles in the selected school, (r (73) = .486, p = .000).
A study of the relationship between lecturers’ perceptions towards charismatic leadership and their organizational commitment in the school of life sciences at a University in Yunnan, China
(2021) Min, Weihuan; Ye, Yan
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lecturers’ perceptions towards charismatic leadership and their organizational commitment in the School of Life Sciences at a university in Yunnan, China. The study was conducted on 105 full time lecturers in 2020 (March to August) from the selected school. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire. The researcher used Mean and Standard Deviation to analyze the lecturers’ perceptions towards charismatic leadership and their organizational commitment. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was used to test the relationship between the two variables. The result of this study showed that the level of lecturers’ perceptions towards charismatic leadership was at a high level, total mean scored 3.74. The organizational commitment variable mean scored 3.65 in overall, regarded as high level. Results of the Pearson correlation indicated that there was a weak positive association between charismatic leadership and organizational commitment, (r (98) = .401, p = .000).
The relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards professional learning communities and their collective efficacy at Deqin Middle School in Yunnan Province, China
(2021) Liu, Hao; Ye, Yan
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between teachers' perceptions towards professional learning communities and their collective efficacy in Deqin Middle school. The study firstly evaluated teachers’ perceptions of the professional learning communities, examined their collective efficacy, and finally determined the relationship between the professional learning community and collective efficacy. This study used a questionnaire to determine the research objectives, adopted the Professional Learning Communities Assessment-Revised (PLCA-R) created by (Olivier, 2010) and the Collective Efficacy Scale (short form) by Goddard, (2002). The study surveyed 112 full-time teachers in Deqin Middle School in the 2020 academic year. The researchers used the Mean and Standard Deviation to analyze teachers' perceptions of professional learning communities and their level of collective efficacy. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is used to test the relationship between two variables. The findings indicated that teachers' perceptions of the professional learning community and their collective efficacy were at a high level. Results of the Pearson correlation indicated that there was a significant relationship between teachers' perceptions towards professional learning community and their collective efficacy, (r (105) = .583, p = .000).
A study of the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards school climate and the professional learning community at a private school, Myanmar
(2021) Lwin, Phyo Khant Ko; Ye, Yan
This study investigated the relationship between school climate and the professional learning community at Our Inspiration Academic Center private boarding school, Myanmar. The research was quantitative and correlational in design and used the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ) and the Professional Learning Community Assessment Questionnaire. Means and Standard Deviation, and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze the data for testing the hypothesis. The 55 respondents, all full-time teachers from Our Inspiration Academic Center private boarding school, completed the questionnaire. This study found that teachers’ perceptions of school climate and professional learning community were high, and there was no significant relationship between teachers’ perceptions of school climate and professional learning community at Our Inspiration Academic Center private boarding school, Myanmar. The result of Pearson correlation coefficient for the r-value was .039 with a significance value of .775 The findings of this study showed that teachers should have to respect, share ideas among colleagues and actively involved in collaborative teaching and learning processes, cooperative work ethic to become the school as open climate and implement the school as PLC.
A study of the relationship between teachers’ perception towards the principal’s transformational leadership style and teachers’ job satisfaction at St. John’s Private High School, Pathein, Myanmar
(2021) Than, Maurice Thein; Watana Vinitwatanakhun
This study was intended to determine the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards the principal’s transformational leadership style and teachers’ job satisfaction at St. John’s Private High School, Pathein, Myanmar. The research was quantitative and correlational in design and used the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Means and Standard Deviation, and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze the data for testing the hypothesis. The 60 respondents from St. John’s Private High School completed the questionnaire. This study found that the level of teachers’ perception towards the principal’s transformational leadership style was high, the teachers were overall highly satisfied with their job. The result of the Pearson correlation coefficient for the r-value was .675 with a significance value of .001. The result showed that teachers had a positive relationship between the principal’s transformational leadership style and job satisfaction at St. John’s Private High School, Pathein, Myanmar. The study provided the researcher with valuable insight and knowledge into the role of the principal's transformational leadership style and teachers' job satisfaction practiced in the school.
Instructional leadership practices for developing the 21st century competencies of undergraduate students at public universities in Tanzania
(2021) Mushi, Emmanuel Paul; Ye, Yan
The purpose of this paper was to identify key instructional leadership (IL) practices and the 21st century competencies (TFCC) and relate the two using the context of Tanzanian public universities. The paper relied on literature review and content analysis to come with survey questionnaire. From literature review and content analysis, thirteen (13) instructional leadership practices and six (6) 21st century competencies were identified. These included leadership focus on improvement of teaching and learning, use of appropriate leadership styles and competencies, and setting vision, mission and goals. Further, the practices included use of social-constructivist instructional methods such as student-centered approach, collaborative learning and problem-based learning. Survey questionnaire formed from the identified IL practices and TFCC was used to collect data from 222 public university lecturers in Tanzania. Analysis of the data though Pearson Correlation r indicated that there is a strong positive relationship between the instructional leadership (IL) practices and the 21st century competencies (TFCC). The analysis found a Pearson Coefficient (r) of .654, with a p-value of .000. Moreover, all the sub-variables under the instructional leadership correlated positively with sub-variables under the 21st century competencies, and there was on average strong positive association of the sub-variables within the two main variables.
A comparative study of students' perceptions towards uniform policy at an international college in Bangkok
(2021) Elbasouni, Islam; Watana Vinitwatanakhun
The purpose of this study was to use a framework of andragogy to identify the perceptions of international college students towards their school’s uniform policy, and to compare the students’ perceptions based on their age group, nationality, and level of conformity. This study focused on 178 undergraduate students studying at the international college of a Thai university in Bangkok during the fall semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. All data was obtained through a questionnaire which was completed by the students. A quantitative comparative method was used to analyze the data. The research findings indicate that overall, students perceive the uniform policy to be partially andragogical, and that some aspects of the policy were perceived to be less andragogical than others. The findings also showed that there is a significant difference in the students’ perceptions according to nationality and conformity levels, but no significant difference according to age group. Based on the results of this study, the recommendation for administrators is to identify the variables which influence the perceptions of their students and consider them before modifying, implementing, or enforcing uniform policies at their institutions. This will help administrators ensure that students perceive the policy as one which is suitable for their learning context.
The relationship study between teachers' perceptions toward organizational culture and their job satisfaction at a Polytechnic in Henan, China
(2021) Xiaoqing, Wang; Ye, Yan
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards organizational culture and their job satisfaction at the Polytechnic in Henan, China. The participants were 60 full-time teachers from Economics and Management department during academic year 2019 at a Polytechnic in Henan, China. In this study, two major research instruments were used to identify respective research objectives. The researcher adopted the survey including two parts: the part of organizational culture based on Saravanan (2013) and the part of job satisfaction based on Herzberg's (1959) Two-Factor Theory. The collected data was analyzed by Descriptive Statistics, Frequency and Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The study results indicated that the level of teachers’ perceptions of organizational culture was High, and their Job Satisfaction was High. Consequently, it was determined that the relationship between the two variables was found to be Significant, it was interpreted that the relationship between the two was positive due to the correlation (r) value of .702. This study provided some information for the school leaders to understand teachers’ job satisfaction toward organizational culture in the school. It was recommended that teachers should evaluate whether their teaching behaviors are optimized, pay attention to the quality of teaching work, improve their professional ability to achieve career path.
A study of the relationship between the grade nine students’ perception toward the School climate and their satisfaction in the Xingyi No.1 Secondary School, Guizhou, China
(2021) Chen, Taotao; Watana Vinitwatanakhun
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the grade nine students’ perception toward the school climate and their satisfaction in the Xingyi.No.1 Secondary School, Guizhou of China. In this study, the researcher used a quantitative research method. The study surveyed totally 200 ninth grade of students from four classes in the Xingyi No.1 Secondary School. In this research, for the perception of school climate, the concept of school climate by Haynes, Emmons & Comer (2002) was used and for the satisfaction part, Maslow’s Theory (1943) was used. Firstly, assessed the students’ perception toward the school climate and their level of satisfaction, then tested the relationship between the school climate and their satisfaction. Mean and the Standard Deviations were used to test the students’ perception toward the school climate and their satisfaction; Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis was used to test the relationship between the school climate and their satisfaction. The results of this study showed that the level of students’ perception toward school climate was high, however, the students had negative perception in some dimensions of the school climate in the Xingyi No.1 Secondary School. And the level of students’ satisfaction was high. According to the Pearson-Moment Correlation Analysis, there was a week positive significant relationship between the grade nine students’ perception toward the school climate and their satisfaction in the school. And students had negative perception in some dimensions of the school climate at the selected school.
The antecedents of individual job performance and moderating effect of role stress: path models on the logistics service industry in Thailand
(2021) Tadokoro, Yuichi; Varma, Parvathy
The research examined the effect of organizational justice, perceived organizational support on organizational commitment, and job performance and the moderating effect of role stress of employees in logistics service providers in Thailand. This research employed a path model utilizing structural equation modeling with multivariate techniques combining methods of factor analysis. The application of multi-group analysis clarified the moderating effects of role stress by grouping the low role stress group and high role stress group of respondents. Data was collected from 889 professional white-collar workers from 15 logistics service providers in Thailand. There are two groups that include the low role stress group (n=426) and high role stress group (n=433) of respondents which were segregated based on the median. This research revealed that perceived organizational support ultimately contributes to individuals’ job performance. The results indicated moderation effects of role stress, i.e. organizational justice is a significant factor that contributes to organizational commitment in high role stress group, unlike in low role stress group. Organizational commitment has significant negative effect on counterproductive work behavior in low role stress group, unlike in high role stress group. The findings can be inferred as organizational justice and support are perceived as benefits by individuals, which initiates the social exchange relationship then enhances job performance of the individuals in an organization via organizational commitment. This study has concrete managerial implications, such as by announcing and actualizing the flexible workplace can be an effective and efficient measures for the logistics service industry.
A study of the relationship between teachers’ self-directed leadership and their job satisfaction in a private school in Ayutthaya
(2021) Yang, Zhongli; Ye, Yan
This study aimed to identify the relationship between teachers’ self-directed leadership and their job satisfaction in the selected private school in Ayutthaya, Thailand. This study was conducted in a selected private school in the school year of 2019-2020. This study utilized the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ) developed from Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, and the teachers’ job satisfaction questionnaire based on Herzberg’s Motivation-hygiene Theory. The questionnaires were translated into Thai language and distributed to 63 full-time teachers in the selected school with 100% return rate. Descriptive Statistics Mean and standard deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze the collected data. The results of this study showed that the levels of teachers’ self-directed leadership and teachers’ job satisfaction in this selected school were “High”. Moreover, this study also found there was a significant relationship between teachers’ self-directed leadership and their job satisfaction in the selected school in Ayutthaya.
The relationship of teachers’ perception towards organizational climate and their retention in Guiyang Qingzhen Boya International Experimental School, Guizhou Province, China
(2021) Bai, Siyun; Ye, Yan
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of teachers' perception towards organizational climate and their retention in Guiyang Qingzhen Boya International Experimental School, Guizhou Province, China. The research surveyed a total of 80 full-time teachers in Guiyang Qingzhen Boya International Experimental School. The researcher used Mean and Standard Deviation to analysis the teachers’ perceptions toward the level of organizational climate and their retention. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was used to test the relationship between the two variables. The result of this study showed that teachers in the school perceived a high level of organizational climate and their perception towards their retention. Pearson correlation tested that there was a relationship between teachers’ perception towards organizational climate and their retention.
A study of the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of their leadership capacity and organizational culture at the basic education high schools in Thanbyuzayat Township, Mon State, Myanmar
(2021) Latt, Zaw Tun; Ye, Yan
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of their leadership capacity and organizational culture at the Basic Education High Schools in Thanbyuzayat Township, Mon State, Myanmar. The participants were 113 full-time teachers from Basic Education High Schools (No.1&2) during the academic year of 2019-2020. The researcher adopted the survey-High Leadership Capacity School Survey by Lambert (2003) and the survey-Organizational Culture (OCS) by Saravanan (2013). The collected data from each survey was analyzed by Descriptive Statistics, Frequency and Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The study results indicated that the level of teachers’ perceptions of their leadership capacity was Moderate, and organizational culture was Positive. Consequently, it was determined that the relationship between the two variables was found to be Significant, however it was interpreted that the relationship between the two was weak due to the correlation (r) value of .388**. The findings suggested that teachers needed to create more opportunities and time for personal reflection for they would help them grow in their profession. In addition, to build collaborative and participative culture which could increase a healthy workplace was also recommended and the school organizations should also upgrade the quality of materials provided to teachers in teaching and learning process as well as innovative technologies should also be realized in order to keep abreast with the 21st century education.
A study of the relationship between transformational leadership and teacher empowerment at Daruna Ratchaburi Witaed Suksa School in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand
(2021) Mon, Naw Ei; Ye, Yan
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Empowerment based on the perceptions of teachers at the school of Daruna Ratchaburi Witaed Suksa in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Based on two variables, there were three objectives: (1) To identify the level of teachers' perceptions on Transformational School Leadership, (2) To examine the level of teachers' perceptions on Teacher Empowerment, (3) To determine if there were any significant relationship between two of those variables. In this study, the quantitative methodology was used along with 106 participant teachers at the school of DRWS. In research findings, it showed the overall scores of Transformational School Leadership and Six Dimensions of Teacher Empowerment got high level in the perceptions of teachers. Then, the positive significant correlation had occurred between Transformational School Leadership and Teacher Empowerment. Considering those results, both of those variables were moving in the same direction. It, thus, could be said the more Transformational School Leadership performed in the school, the greater teachers felt empowerment in their work life. Thus, it was recommended that in order to apply on the concept of beginning from school principal to teacher empowering, through which the feeling of empowerment of the teachers, would flow to student empowerment (Short & Reinhard,1992), it required to conduct the relationship of Transformational School Leadership, Teacher Empowerment, and Student Achievement in both at the private and public educational sectors, in Thailand.
A comparative-correlational study of Grade 10 students’ perceptions of Facebook usage, activities on Facebook and English learning achievement according to their academic programs at Muangnakhonsithammarat School in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
(2021) Patcharaporn Sukhom; Supit Karnjanapun
Facebook is the popular social media which has various features to support interaction such as sharing contents. The implementation of interactive learning which encourages exchanging information to raise the level of knowledge, and the development of learning environment by the interaction is the core focus of various schools. This research designed to study on students’ perceptions of Facebook usage and activities for English learning achievement by Grade 10 students in three programs at Muang-Nakhon-Si-Thammarat School in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. The quantitative research method using the questionnaire survey was performed on a sample of 115 respondents as Grade 10 students from three study programs at Muang-Nakhon-Si-Thammarat School in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. The further tests on the relationship between Facebook usage of students and English learning achievement was also executed. The results revealed a significant difference between students’ perceptions of Facebook usage for learning English by Grade 10 students among three programs. Meanwhile, no significant relationship between Facebook usage of students and English learning achievement was found.
The development of a strategic leadership model for teacher instructional competencies at the private higher education institutions in Mindanao, Philippines
(2021) Estudillo, Haide Mallorca; Nathara Mhunpiew
The purpose of the study was to develop a strategic leadership model for teacher instructional competencies at the private higher education institutions in Mindanao, Philippines. To achieve the six objectives of the study, the researcher employed the exploratory mixed-method research design by collecting substantial qualitative data from sources such as books, journals, online sources, and an interview. While the quantitative research design by collecting data using the survey questionnaire. There were 229 teachers and seven school leaders from private higher education institutions in Mindanao, Philippines, who participated in the study. Frequency counts, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression were used to analyze quantitative data, while a content (thematic) analysis used for qualitative data or interviews. The findings of the current strategic leadership practices of school leaders, as perceived by teachers are interpreted as high. Teachers find the Instructional Practices of the school leaders as high, while school leaders revealed most of their strategic leadership practices focused on Human Resource Management Practice. The current instructional competencies, as perceived by teachers, are interpreted as high. Among the three themes, teachers find their Personal Competence as high. While school leaders give priority to the development of teachers' Professional Competence. The seven factors affecting the strategic leadership practices of school leaders perceived by teachers as high. The top three factors include Organizational Culture, Organizational Values, and Leadership Competence. While, in the interview with school leaders, essential factors affecting strategic leadership practices include Resource Allocation, Teacher Satisfaction, and Teacher Commitment. A substantial positive relationship revealed between strategic leadership practices and teachers' instructional competencies of private higher education institutions. The researcher developed the strategic leadership model for teacher instructional competencies and validated by 12 experts. The model comprises of two major levels derived from the Multiple Regression test results as Leadership Competence with a p-value of 0.000 and Organizational Values with a p-value of 0.014 as significant factors.
The relationship of self-efficacy for Chinese as a foreign language oral skills and the use of indirect language learning strategies for learning Chinese as a foreign language with oral skills achievement of Grade 6 students in Chinese as a foreign language class at Satit Prasarnmit Elementary School in Bangkok, Thailand
(2021) Zhang, Shuxiu; Lynch, Richard
This study aimed to determine the level of self-efficacy for learning Chinese as a foreign language oral skill, the use of indirect language learning strategies for learning Chinese as a foreign language oral skills and Chinese oral skills achievement of Grade 6 students at Satit Prasarnmit Elementary School, and their relationships with each other. Two questionnaires and two sets of listening and speaking tests were used to collect data; one questionnaire was used to determine students’ self-efficacy level and the other was used to determine the use of indirect language learning strategies. Listening and speaking tests were applied to determine oral skills achievement of 96 Grade 6 students who studied Chinese as a foreign language in the academic year 2019-2020 at Satit Prasarnmit Elementary School. To address the objectives of this research, means, standard deviations, and multiple correlation coefficient analysis were applied. The findings indicated that the Grade 6 students at the target school had a very low level of self-efficacy and a low level of indirect language learning strategies (LLSs) use. It was also revealed that self-efficacy, the use of indirect LLSs and students’ oral skills achievement had significant positive relationships with each other.