Scholar: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2017)

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THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY (EXTRAVERSION AND NEUROTICISM) ON BODY IMAGE, MEDIATED BY CELEBRITY WORSHIP, AMONG THAI FEMALE ADOLESCENTS IN BANGKOK
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Narula, Navneet; Varma, Parvathy
The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the direct and indirect influences of the two dimensions of personality (extraversion and neuroticism) on body image, being mediated by celebrity worship, among adolescents in Bangkok. A total of 250 female adolescents were recruited from various locations/sites in Metropolitan Bangkok through convenience sampling. The participation involved the filling in of a set of Thai-translated questionnaires. The scales used were Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS), The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised Short Form (EPQR-S), and the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS). Results indicated that there are no indirect influences of personality (extraversion and neuroticism) on body image, being mediated by celebrity worship dimensions (entertainment-social, intense-personal, and borderline-pathological). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that extraversion has no impact on body image. There is, however, a significant direct negative influence of neuroticism on body image such that the higher the female adolescents’ level of neuroticism, the more negative is their body image. There is also a positive influence of extraversion on intense-personal celebrity worship which suggests that the higher the level of extraversion, the more intense and personal is the level of celebrity worship. In addition, entertainment-social celebrity worship has a positive influence on body image such that the higher the female adolescents’ level of entertainment-social celebrity worship, the more positive is their body image.
A STUDY OF THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ONLINE DISINHIBITION AND DEPRESSION AND STRESS BEING MEDIATED BY THE FREQUENCY OF CYBERBULLYING FROM VICTIM AND PERPETRATOR PERSPECTIVES
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Arunee Charaschanya; Blauw, Jon
This study attempted to investigate the direct and indirect influences of online disinhibition effect on university students’ levels of depression and stress, being mediated by their reported frequency of cyberbullying as victim and perpetrator. A total of 217 students completed a survey questionnaire consisting of a demographics section, the Online Disinhibition Scale (Udris, 2014) to measure benign online disinhibition and toxic online disinhibition, the Cyberbullying Scale (Patchin & Hinduja, 2010) to measure cyberbullying as victim and perpetrator, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) to measure depression and stress levels. Results revealed that the participants’ reported mean score of benign online disinhibition (i.e., helpful and prosocial behaviors) was higher than that of toxic online disinhibition (i.e., hurtful and denigrating behaviors). Results of path analysis showed that the participants’ reported level of toxic online disinhibition has both direct and indirect influences on their reported levels of depression and stress. In terms of direct influence, it was found that the higher the participants’ reported level of toxic online disinhibition, the higher their reported levels of depression and stress. The results also showed that in terms of indirect influence, the higher the participants’ reported level of toxic online disinhibition, the more they reported themselves as being victims of cyberbullying and, subsequently, the higher their reported levels of depression and stress. The participants’ reported level of benign online disinhibition was not found to be significantly associated with their reported levels of depression and stress, either directly or indirectly.
A correlational-comparative study of self-compassion and English academic achievement according to gender of Grade 10 students at Chakkam Khanathon School in Lamphun Province, Thailand
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Maccabi, John Andrew; Suwattana Eamoraphan; Pisutr Vapiso
In this study, self-compassion and English academic achievement were investigated and analyzed among grade ten male and female students. The sample of this study purposively selected 384 former grades 9 Chakkam Khanathon School male and female students out of a total of 594 grade 10 Chakkam Khanathon School students. The study used students’ grade 9 national English Ordinary National Educational Test (O-NET) to determine students’ English academic achievement. To determine students’ level of self-compassion the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF) was used. Students were directed to self-report their grade 9 English O-NET scores and gender at the time of filling out the SCS-SF. The findings indicated that the level of grade 10 students’ self-compassion was moderate and the level of students’ English academic achievement was adequately fair. There was no significant relationship between grade 10 students’ self-compassion and students’ English academic achievement. Also, there was no significant difference between grade 10 students’ self-compassion according to gender. Lastly, there was no significant difference between grade 10 students’ English academic achievement according to gender. Recommendations for English teachers and for future research are also provided.
A comparative study of Grades 7, 8 and 9 students' motivation for learning English as a foreign language in the regular program and English program at Tepleela School, Bangkok, Thailand
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Concepcion, Evangeline Aguilar; Yan, Ye
This study aimed to identify the levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for grades 7, 8 and 9 students to learn English as foreign language in the Regular Program and in the English Program firstly; then, to compare the students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn English as a foreign language between the Regular and English Program. The participants of this study were 253 students from grade 7, 8, and 9 of the Regular and English Program studying English as a foreign language at Tepleela School, Bangkok, Thailand. The study used MALESC questionnaire, which was composed of 19 statements on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The findings of this study were: 1) the levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn English as a foreign language in the Regular Program was high; 2) the levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn English as a foreign language in the English Program was high; 3) there was no significant difference in students’ intrinsic motivation to learn English as a foreign language between the Regular and English Program; 4) There was a significant difference in students’ extrinsic motivation to learn English as a foreign language between the Regular and English Program.
The relationship between Primary 5 and 6 students' perceptions of parental encouragement and their academic achievement in Mandarin learning at an international school, Bangkok
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Jingji, Zhang; Lynch, Richard
This research investigated the relationship between students’ perceptions of parental encouragement and their academic achievement in Mandarin learning at an International School, Bangkok during term 2, and 2014-2015. The study focused on three objectives. The first was to identify the level of student perception of parental encouragement to learn Mandarin in primary 5 and 6. The second was to identify the level of student academic achievement in primary 5 and 6 Mandarin learning. The third was to determine if there was a significant relationship between primary 5 and 6 students’ perceptions of parental encouragement and their Mandarin academic achievement. In order to collect data, the researcher employed a parental encouragement questionnaire adapted from Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). For the students’ academic achievement in learning Mandarin, the researcher used the students’ Mandarin academic achievement scores at the end of term 2 in school year 2014- 2015. The findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between primary 5 and 6 students’ perceptions of parental encouragement and their academic achievement. The article concludes with recommendations for practice and for future research.
A STUDY OF JOB STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG CHINESE VOLUNTEER TEACHERS IN THAILAND
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Qingfang, Wei; Sangob Laksana
This study was aim to investigate the level of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction amongst Chinese volunteer teachers and to explore the relationship between the two and whether the teachers Job Stress effected their satisfaction with the job. The questionnaire survey method was used in this study. The target population for this study was the volunteer Chinese teachers who were working in Thailand from 2013-2014. There were 1,200 volunteers during this period; therefore, this number represented the population and use 291 teachers as the sample of this study. The researcher found that stress was common among Chinese volunteer teacher; they showed lower stress levels in Cross Cultural Teaching and Communication and showed the highest level of stress in Workload and Career Development. All Chinese volunteer teachers in Thailand showed high-level satisfaction to the variables ‘Recognition’, ‘Teamwork’, ‘Work itself’ and ‘Achievement’ under Job Satisfaction. However, they showed the lowest level of job satisfaction in ‘Advancement’. The gender and education level of the teacher didn’t have an effect on their Job Stress and Job Satisfaction level. The age and the work experience of the teacher had an effect on the result for their Job Stress and Job Satisfaction level. There were both significant negative correlations and significant positive correlations between job stress and job satisfaction of Chinese Volunteer Teacher in Thailand. There were both significant negative effects and significant positive effects between Job stress and Job satisfaction of Chinese Volunteer Teacher in Thailand.
Best leadership practices for the effectiveness of educational quality assurance in public schools in Thailand
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Hamad, Husni; Sangob Laksana
This study focused on the following objectives, to analyze the expected ideal leadership practices of school directors that lead to effectiveness of educational quality assurance in public schools; to identify the “best leadership practices” of school directors who achieved effectiveness of educational quality assurance in outstanding public schools in Thailand; to find the current leadership practices of the directors of the public schools in Thailand; and to develop and validate the “best leadership practices” for the effectiveness of educational quality assurance in public schools in Thailand. The mixed methods of research methodology have been applied in data collections and data analysis. The main methods were the literature review, the interview of six public school leaders of the most effective schools in Thailand, the use of the questionnaire with 205 public school leaders, and focus group method was used for developing and validating the “best leadership practices” for the effectiveness of educational quality assurance in public schools in Thailand. The findings for research objective 1 were the result of the excessive review of literature about the best practices of the school directors which leads to the effectiveness of the school and the success of every student comprising; Visionary Leadership, Unity of Purpose, Learning Community, Instructional Leadership, Curriculum and Instruction, Professional Development, Organizational Management, Assessment, Reflection, Collaboration, Diversity, Inquiry, and Professionalism. The findings for research objective 2 were the list of “leadership practices” of school leaders who achieved effectiveness of educational quality assurance was summed from the results of the common points of five schools out of 6 schools representing 6 regions which were qualitatively analyzed. The findings for research objective 3 were the list of the “current leadership practices” of the leaders of the public schools in Thailand. The findings for research objective 4 were the “best leadership practices” for the effectiveness of educational quality assurance in public schools which consisted of; an educational leader promotes the success of every student and achieves ONESQA Standards by; developing and communicating a vision of learning that is shared and supported by all stakeholders, nurturing and sustaining instructional program and culture conducive to student learning and staff professional growth, ensuring management of organization, operation, and resources for safe and effective learning environment, collaborating with faculty and community members, responding to diverse community interests and needs, and mobilizing community resources, acting with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical manner, understanding, responding to, and influencing the political, social, economic, legal, and cultural context.
The relationship between Grades 8-12 students' motivation for self-selected reading in English and academic achievement at Bangkok Christian International School, Thailand
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Lungley, Martin; Lynch, Richard
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which academic achievement is influenced by motivation for self-selected reading in English and reading achievement. This study was conducted using the survey method employing the researcher made Adolescent Motivation for Self-Selected Reading Questionnaire (AMSSRQ). Academic achievement data was collected from students’ individual report cards for the first quarter of the academic year 2015-16. The sample of the study consisted of 83 eighth to twelfth grade students from Bangkok Christian International School, Bangkok, Thailand, in the first semester of the academic year 2015-16. Additionally, the relationship between motivation for self-selected reading in English and reading achievement, and reading achievement and academic achievement were investigated. Further to this the relationship between motivations for self-selected reading in English and general self-efficacy for learning and performance were also investigated. The hypotheses were tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The results confirmed the hypotheses. There was a significant relationship between motivation for self-selected reading in English and reading achievement. In turn there was a significant relationship between reading achievement and academic achievement. Additionally, this study found a significant relationship between motivation for self-selected reading in English and general self-efficacy for learning and performance. The study concludes with recommendations for practice and future research.
Influences of temperament types on university students' well-being, academic performance and college adjustment
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Embalzado, Henzel Tagalog; Varma, Parvathy
The purpose of this present study was to investigate the influence of the temperament types toward university students’ well-being, academic performance and college adjustment. Temperament types are basic dimensions of personality that are fundamentally based on biology and genetics. Its biological foundation posits that temperamental traits are relatively stable, consistent across cultures and situations, and evident throughout the lifespan. The marked individual differences are due to the developmental processes—a byproduct of maturation, heredity and experience. The use of temperament types poses greater advantage as it commands easy reference to the dominant personality characteristics, which bring clearer understanding of a person’s strengths and limitations. The findings of the study showed that the temperament types of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic have variable effects on students’ well-being, academic performance and college adjustment demonstrated. The implications of the findings illustrated that in order to achieve better well-being and adjustment, students have to get a good grasp of their temperament types and work accordingly on their positive and negative sides.
A development model of administrators' leadership competencies for effective job performance in private higher education institutions
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Suvatinee Salee-on; Sangob Laksana
The main purpose of this study was to develop the model of administrators’ leadership competencies for effective job performance in private higher education institutions. The five domains of Spencer & Spencer (1993) leadership competencies and the four domains of Thai Higher Education missions were used as theoretical framework for the study. This study was conducted with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The data was gathered from 351 lecturers from 7 private higher education institutions in Bangkok, Thailand. The questionnaire with 5 rating scales was used to collecting the data. Content analysis was used to analysis of qualitative data, descriptive statistics was applied through frequency, mean, and standard deviation to determine the current practice and desirable administrators’ leadership competencies for effective job performance, paired Samples t-test was computed to assess the gap analysis between the current practice and desirable administrators’ leadership competencies in order to find out the priority improvement and superior required for effective job performance in private higher education institutions. The resulted from the average mean showed that there was significant difference between current and desirable leadership competencies of administrators in private higher education institutions. The research findings revealed that there were 26 leadership competencies were superior for effective job performance exited and 24 leadership competencies superior needed to development and develop the model for administrators.
JOB PERFORMANCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THAI HOTEL WORKERS: A MULTI-MODEL PATH ANALYTIC STUDY
(2017) Raich, Annett; Ho, Robert
Job performance and the psychological well-being of employees are of paramount importance for a successful company. Especially in the hospitality industry in a country like Thailand where tourism plays a major role in the growth and sustainment of a healthy Thai economy, it is imperative to identify what and how certain factors may influence job performance and psychological well-being of employees. In order to achieve this aim, the present study posited and investigated a comprehensive process model to determine the direct and indirect influences of the Big Five personality traits of emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness on job performance and psychological well-being among Thai hotel workers, being mediated by their level of stress, burnout, mindfulness, and job satisfaction. A total of 1,512 participants (793 females and 719 males) between 18 and 60 years working in 16 international five-star hotels in Thailand took part in the study. The results revealed that the participants’ Big Five personality traits played major roles in reducing their perceived stress and burnout, increasing their levels of mindfulness and job satisfaction and, subsequently, increasing their job performance and life satisfaction. The study’s limitations, implications, and avenues for further research were discussed.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PERCEIVED STRESS, SPOUSAL SUPPORT, EMOTION REGULATION, SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, AND MARITAL SATISFACTION OF THAI FIRST-TIME PARENTS
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Juntita Watcharakitippong; Blauw, Jon; Arunya Tuicomepee
Parenthood is new to first-time parents. While it brings excitement, hope, and joy, being a parent for the first time also brings stress and challenges as a result of the new roles and responsibilities that ‘first-timers’ have to confront during the early years of being parents. The current investigation attempted to examine the direct and indirect influences of perceived stress and spousal support on marital satisfaction, being mediated by emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression) and subjective well-being (positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction) among Thai first-time parents. In Study I and II, a total of 559 first-time parents with one child (or twin) aged no more than two years-old and living in Bangkok and suburbs participated. They were asked to complete a set of survey questionnaires in Thai, consisting of a demographic section, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support-Significant Others subscale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Couples Satisfaction Index. The results revealed that the ‘direct’ path model is significantly better fitting and more parsimonious than the indirect or full path models, and that the structural path relationships of the ‘full’ path model between the variables operated differently for first-time fathers and mothers. Additionally, emotion regulation played different roles between fathers and mothers.
A study of students' English listening and speaking proficiency through developmentally appropriate practices at Kirakira Kids International Kindergarten, Bangkok, Thailand
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Lee, Micah Babia; Suwattana Eamoraphan
This study compared the progressive scores of the English listening proficiency and ENGLISH-SPEAKING proficiency of students at Kirakira Kids International Kindergarten. The progressive scores were based on observational notes of K3 students that they researcher took with a team-teacher. The collection of data was over a period of three months (April 27 to May 31, 2015; June 2015; and July 2015). The study had four research objectives: 1) to identify the students’ demographic data (age, amount of years spent in the school previously, and background in English) at Kirakira Kids International Kindergarten 2) to determine the progressive scores of the students’ English listening proficiency at Kirakira Kids International Kindergarten 3) to determine the progressive scores of the students’ English speaking proficiency at Kirakira Kids International Kindergarten, 4) to compare the difference between the students’ English listening and speaking proficiency at Kirakira Kids International Kindergarten. The population and sample size for this research study was 40 students of the K3 class. The researcher used student records to obtain the data needed to address research objective one. The researcher analyzed the data obtained from the student records using numbers and percentage. For the findings of research objective two and three, the researcher used observational notes and progressive scores from April 27 to May 31, 2015; June 2015; and July 2015. The researcher analyzed the progressive scores using means and standard deviation to present and report the findings. For the findings of research objective four, the researcher used a paired-samples two-tailed t-test to compare the difference between the students’ English listening proficiency and the ENGLISH-SPEAKING proficiency.
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ROLE ATTITUDE, QUALITY OF ALTERNATIVES, INVESTMENT SIZE, AND COMMITMENT ON MARITAL SATISFACTION BETWEEN THAI WOMEN WHO MARRIED THAI MEN AND THAI WOMEN WHO MARRIED FOREIGN MEN
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Napont Suntornkanit; Varma, Parvathy
Gender role attitude, quality of alternatives, investment size, commitment, and marital satisfaction were measured and compared between Thai women who married Thai men and Thai women who married foreign men. Direct and indirect influences of gender role attitude, quality of alternatives, investment size, and commitment on marital satisfaction were also analyzed. The sample consisted of 200 respondents (N=200), of whom 100 were Thai women who married Thai men (50%) and 100 were Thai women who married foreign men (50%). The mean age of respondents was 35 years, ranging from 21 years to 58 years, and the mean age of their husbands was 39 years, ranging from 26 years to 60 years. Results indicated that Thai women who married foreign men have higher level of marital satisfaction, higher commitment, and lower quality of alternatives. There is no significant difference in gender role attitude and investment size. Path analyses produced similar results between the two groups of women in that there are no direct influences of gender role attitude, quality of alternatives, and investment size on marital satisfaction. However, an indirect influence between quality of alternatives and investment size on marital satisfaction emerged when mediated by commitment. Gender role attitude was found to have an indirect influence when mediated with commitment, only for the group of women who married foreign men. Both models, however, indicated that commitment is a significant predictor of marital satisfaction.
The relationship between teachers' organizational commitment and job satisfaction at no.2 basic education high school, Loikaw, Kayah State, Myanmar
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Kamaylar; Yan, Ye; Dechachai Sripicharn
The main purpose of this study was to identify the levels of teachers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction and to determine the relationship between teachers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction at No.2 Basic Education High School, Loikaw, Kayah State, Myanmar in the academic year 2015-2016. A total of fifty-nine (59) full-time teachers from No.2 Basic Education High School, Loikaw, Kayah State were surveyed for this study. The main resource of data was the questionnaire that investigated the teachers’ level of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The collected data were analyzed by using the Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The research found that the level of teachers’ organizational commitment was high in the school though the level of teachers’ job satisfaction was moderate. Meanwhile, the study found there was a moderate positive relationship between teachers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction at No.2 Basic Education High School, Loikaw, Kayah State, Myanmar. To become more sustain school, administrators and leaders from No.2 Basic Education High School are recommended to innovation, develop and create more opportunity for all teachers to keep control teachers stability. Administrators and leaders are also recommended to provide personal growth program that emphasis on a vision of how to integrate technology in the school to build up teaching and learning. Leaders and administrators should arrange personal development training for their teachers in order to gain more skills to use effectively in the classroom. Teachers are recommended to establish a teacher’s group to regularly meet, open minded and be a good listener to accept others ideas. Teachers are recommended to share their ideas with others. This will help them to improve their personal growth. Teachers should pay more attention to student’s achievement by giving more help to students and let them learn effectively.
A comparative study of motivation and perceptual learning style preferences for learning Chinese as a foreign language amond Grade 5 to Grade 8 students of Concordian International School, Thailand
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Yang, Tian; Lynch, Richard
The purpose of this study was to examine the level of overall motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientations, perceptual learning style preferences, and to determine the motivation and perceptual learning style preference differences among 169 grades 5-8 students learning Chinese as a foreign language at Concordian International School in Bangkok, Thailand, during the first semester of the academic year 2015-2016. The study employed a quantitative research methodology utilizing a questionnaire to collect data. There were four main findings. First, the level of overall motivation for learning Chinese as a foreign language among grade 5 to grade 8 students was high, with the level of intrinsic goal orientation being moderate; and the level of extrinsic goal orientation being high. Second, kinesthetic, tactile and group learning style preferences were major, while visual, auditory and individual were minor learning style preferences. Third, there was no significant difference of overall motivation in Chinese as a foreign language learning according to grade levels, with no significant difference of intrinsic goal orientation according to grade levels and no significant difference of extrinsic goal orientation in Chinese as a foreign language learning according to grade levels. Finally, there was a significant difference of perceptual learning style preferences in Chinese as a foreign language learning according to grade levels. The study concludes with recommendations for practice and for future research.
INFLUENCE OF CONTEXTUAL WORK FACTORS ON BURNOUT AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG MENTAL HEALTH SOCIAL WORKERS IN MYANMAR
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Mon, Su Zar; Weinstein, Benjamin
The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect influence of six contextual work factors (workload, control, reward, community, fairness and value) on job satisfaction, mediated by three dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and negative personal accomplishment) among Myanmar mental health social workers. A national sample of 205 mental health social workers various local and international organizations across Myanmar participated. The results showed that for mental health social workers in Myanmar, the factors of workload, control over their work environment, and perceived fairness in how they are treated in their job have direct influences on their level of job satisfaction. Workload exerted both direct and indirect influences on job satisfaction, being mediated by depersonalization and negative personal accomplishment. Fairness indirectly influenced job satisfaction, being mediated by depersonalization. The results also revealed that workload was positively associated with emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion, however, was not significantly associated with the participants’ level of job satisfaction. The results of the current study highlight the importance of workload and fairness in creating and maintaining healthy work environments that can prevent burnout and increase job satisfaction among mental health social workers in Myanmar.
The relationship between teachers' perception towards organizational culture and occupational stress at No. 2 Basic education high school, in Insein Township, Myanmar
(Digital Production Press, Assumption University, 2017) Moe, Chan Mya Mya; Yan, Ye; Verayuth Boonpram
The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between teachers’ perception towards organizational culture and occupational stress at No.2 Basic Education High School, in Insein Township, Myanmar in the academic year 2015-2016.A total of 91 full-time teachers from No.2 Basic Education High School, in Insein Township, Myanmar were surveyed for this study. The research instrument was the questionnaire that investigated the teachers’ perception towards organizational culture and occupational stress. The collected data were analyzed by using the mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.The study found out that level of teachers’ perception towards organizational culture was moderate in the school, and the level of teachers’ perception towards occupational stress was low for the school. Therefore, the hypothesis was accepted as the study discovered that a moderate negative relationship between teachers’ perception towards organizational culture and occupational stress was existing at No.2 Basic Education High School, in Insein Township, Myanmar.

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