It is acceptable known that a cornerstone of the limitations on and exceptions to copyright is indicated in the Berne three-step test under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention, which is a crucial clause for the member states to incorporate into their domestic laws. Notwithstanding, there are some arguments regarding the unclearness of the language used in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, which induces an ambiguity and different interpretations amongst member states. Due to the rapid of technological change, this argument is being ...