The two-dimensional (2-D) Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) represent mathematical models for 2-D signals (such as digital images and digital videos) in the frequency and spatial domains, respectively. Digital Image Processing (DIP) has been implemented globally over the past two decades. Thus, 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform (2-D DFT) is essential in terms of representing mathematical models and analyzing 2-D signals and systems. In light of its importance, this article presents a tutorial for ...